Immigrants to places where FGM is not practiced may take the custom with them, and people who move into a location where it is practiced may adopt it.
In Africa alone, it is believed that approximately 92 million girls aged 10 years and over have undergone FGM procedures. Approximately 3 million girls in Africa are thought to undergo FGM each year.
In eight countries, the prevalence is 80 percent. There is no medical reason for FGM. The practice occurs for a combination of reasons, based on cultural, social, and religious practices. In some communities, women who have not undergone FGM are not allowed to handle food and water because they are unclean, and seen as posing a health risk to others. It is said to prepare a girl for marriage and adult life.
In some cultures, people believe that an uncut clitoris will grow to the size of a penis, or that FGM makes a woman more fertile. To some, FGM represents decent sexual behavior. FGM is often linked to virginity and being faithful during marriage. The damage to the genitalia means the chance of a woman having illicit sexual relations is reduced — because her libido is decreased, and the opening is too narrow. Femininity and modesty can be a factor.
In some societies, a woman is perceived to be cleaner and more beautiful if her genitals are cut. Some body parts, such as the clitoris, which protrudes, are seen as male and unclean.
None of the major religions prescribes female circumcision. People in some communities, especially where there are low levels of literacy, may have heard that the practice is a religious one. Over time, religions have tolerated, encouraged, and condoned the practice; but, today, many religious leaders are against FGM and are involved in the movement to eradicate its practice.
If the people with power and authority in a place believe and agree that FGM should prevail, it is difficult to prevent it.
People who may insist on its continuing include local chiefs, religious leaders, practitioners of FGM and circumcision, and some healthcare professionals. The WHO write:. While the intervention is somewhat safer when carried out by a doctor, the WHO urges health professionals not to perform FGM. I screamed, I yelled, but no-one could hear me.
I tried to kick myself free, but a vice-like grip held my leg. She says it was "pathetic. It's one of the most severe types of medical procedures, and so unhygienic. They used the same cutting tool on all of us girls". The only pain relief available was a traditional remedy: "There was a hole in the ground, and they kept herbs in the hole. Then they tied my legs like a goat and rubbed the herbs on me. Then they said 'next girl, next girl,' and they took another girl Although FGM it is illegal in many countries, it is still routinely carried out in parts of Africa, Asia and the Middle East - and also among the diaspora of those countries where FGM is common.
Type 1: Clitoridectomy. That's the total or partial removal of the sensitive clitoris and its surrounding skin. Type 2: Excision. The partial or total removal of the clitoris plus the removal of the labia minora, or inner skin folds surrounding the vagina.
Type 3: Infibulation. The cutting and repositioning of the labia minora and the labia majora - the outer skin folds that surround the vagina. This often includes stitching to leave only a small gap. This practice is not only extremely painful and distressing, it's also an ongoing infection risk: the closing over of the vagina and the urethra leaves women with a very small opening through which to pass menstrual fluid and urine.
In fact, sometimes the opening can be so small that it needs to be cut open to allow sexual intercourse or birth - often causing complications which harm both mother and baby. Type 4: This covers all other harmful procedures like pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterising the clitoris or genital area. On the other hand, adolescent girls and women very often agree to undergo FGM because they fear the non-acceptance of their communities, families and peers, according to Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture.
FGM also impacts on the right to dignity and directly conflicts with the right to physical integrity, as it involves the mutilation of healthy body parts. What is FGM? Types of FGM Female Genital Mutilation comprises all procedures involving the removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons.
Most often, FGM is practiced on girls and young women under FGM is not prescribed by any religion and has no health benefits. On the contrary the practice can cause life-lasting physical and psychological trauma. Type 2 : Also known as excision, the external part of clitoris and labia minora are partially or totally removed, with or without excision of the labia majora. Type 3: It is also known as infibulation or pharaonic type.
A small opening is left for urine and menstrual blood to escape. Type 4: This type consists of all other procedures to the genitalia of women for non-medical purposes, such as pricking, piercing, incising, scraping and cauterization. How is FGM practised? These include: The women or girls' ethnic group; What country they are living in whether in a rural or urban area ; Their socio-economic background.
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