If I see anyone acting apart and helping either Trojans or Danaans, he shall be beaten beyond the limits of universal order [ kosmos ] ere he come back again to Olympus; or I will hurl him down into dark Tartaros far into the deepest pit under the earth, where the gates are iron and the floor bronze, as far beneath Hades as heaven is high above the earth, that you may learn how much the mightiest I am among you.
Try me and find out for yourselves. Hang me a golden chain from heaven, and lay hold of it all of you, gods and goddesses together - tug as you will, you will not drag Zeus the supreme counselor from heaven to earth; but were I to pull at it myself I should draw you up with earth and sea into the bargain, then would I bind the chain about some pinnacle of Olympus and leave you all dangling in the mid firmament. So far am I above all others either of gods or men. We will, however, since you so bid us, refrain from actual fighting, but we will make serviceable suggestions to the Argives that they may not all of them perish in your displeasure.
He girded himself also with gold about the body, seized his gold whip and took his seat in his chariot. Thereon he lashed his horses and they flew forward nothing loath midway twixt earth and starry heaven. After a while he reached many-fountained Ida, mother of wild beasts, and Gargaros, where are his grove and fragrant altar. There the father of gods and men stayed his horses, took them from the chariot, and hid them in a thick cloud; then he took his seat all glorious upon the topmost crests, looking down upon the city of Troy and the ships of the Achaeans.
Then she turned her eyes to Zeus as he sat on the topmost crests of many-fountained Ida, and loathed him. She set herself to think how she might trick his thinking [ noos ], and in the end she deemed that it would be best for her to go to Ida and array herself in rich attire, in the hope that Zeus might become enamored of her, and wish to embrace her.
While he was thus engaged a sweet and careless sleep might be made to steal over his eyes and senses. Here she entered and closed the doors behind her. She cleansed all the dirt from her fair body with ambrosia, then she anointed herself with olive oil, ambrosial, very soft, and scented specially for herself - if it were so much as shaken in the bronze-floored house of Zeus, the scent pervaded the universe of heaven and earth.
With this she anointed her delicate skin, and then she plaited the fair ambrosial locks that flowed in a stream of golden tresses from her immortal head. She put on the wondrous robe which Athena had worked for her with consummate art, and had embroidered with manifold devices; she fastened it about her bosom with golden clasps, and she girded herself with a girdle that had a hundred tassels: then she fastened her earrings, three brilliant pendants with much charm radiating from them.
She bound her sandals on to her feet, and when she had finished making herself up in perfect order [ kosmos ], she left her room and called Aphrodite to come aside and speak to her. She gave the girdle to Hera and said, "Take this girdle wherein all my charms reside and lay it in your bosom.
If you will wear it I promise you that your errand, be it what it may, will not be bootless. She passed over Pieria and fair Emathia, and went on and on till she came to the snowy ranges of the Thracian horsemen, over whose topmost crests she sped without ever setting foot to ground.
When she came to Athos she went on over the, waves of the sea [ pontos ] till she reached Lemnos, the city of noble Thoas. There she met Sleep, own brother to Death, and caught him by the hand, saying, "Sleep, you who lord it alike over mortals and immortals, if you ever did me a service in times past, do one for me now, and I shall show gratitude [ kharis ] to you ever after.
At your bidding I suffused my sweet self over the mind [ noos ] of aegis-bearing Zeus, and laid him to rest; meanwhile you hatched a plot against Herakles, and set the blasts of the angry winds beating upon the sea [ pontos ], till you took him to the goodly city of Cos away from all his friends. Zeus was furious when he awoke, and began hurling the gods about all over the house; he was looking more particularly for myself, and would have flung me down through space into the sea [ pontos ] where I should never have been heard of any more, had not Night who cows both men and gods protected me.
I fled to her and Zeus left off looking for me in spite of his being so angry, for he did not dare do anything to displease Night. And now you are again asking me to do something on which I cannot venture. Do you think Zeus will be as anxious to help the Trojans, as he was about his own son?
Come, I will marry you to one of the youngest of the Graces [ kharites ], and she shall be your own - Pasithea, whom you have always wanted to marry. She swore, and invoked all the gods of the nether world, who are called Titans, to witness. When she had completed her oath, the two enshrouded themselves in a thick mist and sped lightly forward, leaving Lemnos and Imbros behind them.
Presently they reached many-fountained Ida, mother of wild beasts, and Lectum where they left the sea to go on by land, and the tops of the trees of the forest soughed under the going of their feet.
Here Sleep halted, and ere Zeus caught sight of him he climbed a lofty pine-tree - the tallest that reared its head towards heaven on all Ida. He hid himself behind the branches and sat there in the semblance of the sweet-singing bird that haunts the mountains and is called Khalkis by the gods, but men call it Kymindis. Hera then went to Gargaros, the topmost peak of Ida, and Zeus, driver of the clouds, set eyes upon her. I must go and see them that I may make peace between them: they have been quarreling, and are so angry that they have not slept with one another this long time.
The horses that will take me over land and sea are stationed on the lowermost spurs of many-fountained Ida, and I have come here from Olympus on purpose to consult you. I was afraid you might be angry with me later on, if I went to the house of Okeanos without letting you know. Never yet have I been so overpowered by passion neither for goddess nor mortal woman as I am at this moment for yourself - not even when I was in love with the wife of Ixion who bore me Peirithoos, peer of gods in counsel, nor yet with Danae the daintily-ankled daughter of Acrisius, who bore me the famed hero Perseus.
Then there was the daughter of Phoenix, who bore me Minos and Rhadamanthus: there was Semele, and Alkmene in Thebes by whom I begot my lion-hearted son Herakles, while Semele became mother to Bacchus the comforter of humankind. There was queen Demeter again, and lovely Leto, and yourself - but with none of these was I ever so much enamored as I now am with you.
Would you have us enjoy one another here on the top of Mount Ida, where everything can be seen? What if one of the ever-living gods should see us sleeping together, and tell the others? It would be such a scandal that when I had risen from your embraces I could never show myself inside your house again; but if you are so minded, there is a room which your son Hephaistos has made me, and he has given it good strong doors; if you would so have it, let us go thither and lie down.
Here they laid themselves down and overhead they were covered by a fair cloud of gold, from which there fell glittering dew-drops. Meanwhile Sleep made off to the ships of the Achaeans, to tell earth-encircling Poseidon, lord of the earthquake. When he had found him he said, "Now, Poseidon, you can help the Danaans with a will, and give them victory though it be only for a short time while Zeus is still sleeping. I have sent him into a sweet slumber, and Hera has beguiled him into going to bed with her.
Then Patroklos drew near to Achilles with tears welling from his eyes, as from some spring whose crystal stream falls over the ledges of a high precipice. Have you anything to say to the Myrmidons or to myself? They tell me Menoitios son of Aktor is still alive, as also Peleus son of Aiakos, among the Myrmidons - men whose loss we two should bitterly deplore; or are you grieving about the Argives and the way in which they are being killed at the ships, through their own high-handed doings?
Do not hide in your mind [ noos ] anything from me but tell me that both of us may know about it. All those who have been their champions so far are lying at the ships, wounded by sword or spear. Brave Diomedes son of Tydeus has been hit with a spear, while famed Odysseus and Agamemnon have received sword-wounds;.
May it never be my lot to nurse such a passion as you have done, to the baning of your own good name. Who in future story will speak well of you unless you now save the Argives from ruin? You know no pity; horseman Peleus was not your father nor Thetis your mother, but the gray sea bore you and the sheer cliffs begot you, so cruel and remorseless are you in your thinking [ noos ].
If however you are kept back through knowledge of some oracle, or if your mother Thetis has told you something from the mouth of Zeus, at least send me and the Myrmidons with me, if I may bring deliverance to the Danaans.
Let me moreover wear your armor; the Trojans may thus mistake me for you and quit the field, so that the hard-pressed sons of the Achaeans may have breathing time- which while they are fighting may hardly be. We who are fresh might soon drive tired men back from our ships and tents to their own city. Achilles was deeply moved and answered, "What, noble Patroklos, are you saying?
I know no prophesyings which I am heeding, nor has my mother told me anything from the mouth of Zeus, but I am cut to the very heart with grief [ akhos ] that one of my own rank should dare to rob me because he is more powerful than I am.
This grief [ akhos ], after all that I have gone through, is more than I can endure. The girl whom the sons of the Achaeans chose for me, whom I won as the fruit of my spear on having sacked a city - her has King Agamemnon taken from me as though I were some common vagrant.
Still, let bygones be bygones: no man may keep his anger for ever; I said I would not relent till battle and the cry of war had reached my own ships; nevertheless, now gird my armor about your shoulders, and lead the Myrmidons to battle, for the dark cloud of Trojans has burst furiously over our fleet;.
Had they seen this, there would not have been a creek nor grip that had not been filled with their dead as they fled back again.
And so it would have been, if only King Agamemnon had dealt fairly by me. As it is the Trojans have beset our host. But even so, Patroklos, fall upon them and save the fleet, lest the Trojans fire it and deprive us of our safe homecoming [ nostos ]. When you have driven the Trojans from the ships, come back again. And do not for lust of battle go on killing the Trojans nor lead the Achaeans on to Ilion, lest one of the ever-living gods from Olympus attack you - for Phoebus Apollo loves them well: return when you have freed the ships from peril, and let others wage war upon the plain.
Would, by father Zeus, Athena, and Apollo, that not a single man of all the Trojans might be left alive, nor yet of the Argives, but that we two might be alone left to tear aside the mantle that veils the brow of Troy. But Ajax could no longer hold his ground for the shower of darts that rained upon him; the will [ noos ] of Zeus and the javelins of the Trojans were too much for him; the helmet that gleamed about his temples rang with the continuous clatter of the missiles that kept pouring on to it and on to the cheek-pieces that protected his face.
Moreover his left shoulder was tired with having held his shield so long, yet for all this, let fly at him as they would, they could not make him give ground. Hektor came close up and let drive with his great sword at the ashen spear of Ajax. He cut it clean in two just behind where the point was fastened on to the shaft of the spear. Ajax, therefore, had now nothing but a headless spear, while the bronze point flew some way off and came ringing down on to the ground.
Ajax knew the hand of heaven in this, and was dismayed at seeing that Zeus had now left him utterly defenseless and was willing victory for the Trojans.
Therefore he drew back, and the Trojans flung fire upon the ship which was at once wrapped in flame. Gird on your armor at once while I call our people together.
First he greaved his legs with greaves of good make, and fitted with ankle-clasps of silver; after this he donned the cuirass of the son of Aiakos, richly inlaid and studded. He hung his silver-studded sword of bronze about his shoulders, and then his mighty shield. On his comely head he set his helmet, well wrought, with a crest of horse-hair that nodded menacingly above it.
He grasped two redoubtable spears that suited his hands, but he did not take the spear of noble Achilles, so stout and strong,. This was the ashen spear from Mount Pelion, which Chiron had cut upon a mountain top and had given to Peleus, wherewith to deal out death among heroes. He bade Automedon yoke his horses with all speed, for he was the man whom he held in honor next after Achilles, and on whose support in battle he could rely most firmly. Trojans and Greeks basically the same. All must die.
Treats Priam as his philos , contrary to expectation. The metis Achilles learns: Achilles sees his former enemy as a philos, gives back the body, and gives a truce so the Trojans can bury Hector. Also the funeral for Troy and for Achilles. Achilles separates from the other Greeks, has a painful initiation when Patroclus dies. Achilles comes back and resumes fighting. The return nostos is the basic plot of the Odyssey. If death is inevitable, what should we do with out lives.
Can devote life to pleasure and be forgotten. Or can devote life to heroic deeds. When the hero dies, his death leads to. Lowers man toward the animals Describes the real. Gives birth to comedy and satire. Hector is portrayed very positively in the Iliad.
Simone Weil. The Iliad: A poem of Force [bia]. French existentialist critic. Famous topos. Comparison of the generations of men to the leaves of the trees. Iliad Why do we get the best portion back home? So we should fight better now. The fates are usually 3 old women. Sometimes they rule the gods, sometimes subject to Zeus. In the Iliad , Zeus wants to save Hector, but is unable to because of the Fates. Is it fair to attack Homer for glorifying war?
Does Homer have overly masculine values? The poem, if not antiwar, is at least neutral. We know the destruction that is coming.
Ask the prophet Chalchis why. He says he can't answer--will offend someone. Achilles gives him his protection. Chalchis then says it's Agamemnon. This rude behavior is hubris. Agamemnon believes that, as chief of the Achaean forces, he deserves the highest available prize—Briseis—and is thus willing to antagonize Achilles, the most crucial Achaean warrior, to secure what he believes is properly owed to him.
Achilles would rather defend his claim to Briseis, his personal spoil of victory and thus what he believes is properly owed to him, than defuse the situation. Each man considers deferring to the other a humiliation rather than an act of honor or duty; each thus puts his own interest ahead of that of his people, jeopardizing the war effort. Ace your assignments with our guide to The Iliad! SparkTeach Teacher's Handbook.
What started the Trojan War? Why does Achilles refuse to fight for the bulk of the poem? Why does Zeus support the Trojans? Why does Hera defend the Achaeans? Why does Achilles finally rejoin the battle? Important Quotes Explained.
Summary Book 1. Next section Book 2. Test your knowledge Take the Book 1 Quick Quiz. The God controlled the situation and he stopped events from happening when it was time, not the mortals time. The example just given is one of the many ways that the Gods intervened with the mortals lives. He was willing to sacrifice everything so his legacy will continue after his death.
He draw his sword to kill the commander and chief of the army that he was one of its strongest soldiers. Likewise, Zeus arrogance starts an outrages argument with Hera after he felt his pride and privacy was violated from Hera questions.
The story begins with Agamemnon arguing with a priest because he wanted his daughter back. Achilles being as logical as possible tells Agamemnon to return the girl and that his warriors would find him an even greater war prize.
Agamemnon short tempered as he is assumes Achilles is trying to hold on to his war prize while he had to give his away and they begin to biker. After the girl was returned Agamemnon sent his men to take Achilles war prize. The prophet Samuel called him out of the field without the knowledge of the current king, Saul, and anointed David but he just returned to tending to his sheep. David was summoned to play for him and Saul kept him for his music services.
The first time David had shown his courage was when, as a boy, he defeated Goliath. Achilles struggles with anger, honor, pride, loyalty and love make the poem more that just a gruesome war story. A large source of Achilles anger started with his fight with Agamemnon. Apollo put a plague on the Achaean soldiers that was killing them off.
Excessive pride caused Odysseus to reveal his identity to Polyphemus, which led to many problems.
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